Knoxville Campaign in the Civil War

Knoxville Campaign in the Civil War Knoxville Campaign - Conflict Dates: The Knoxville Campaign was fought in November and December 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ambrose BurnsideArmy of the Ohio (3 corps, approximately 20,000 men) Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreetapprox. 15,000-20,000 men Knoxville Campaign - Background: Having been relieved from command of the Army of the Potomac following his defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, Major General Ambrose Burnside was transferred west to head the Department of the Ohio in March 1863.  In this new post, he came under pressure from President Abraham Lincoln to push into East Tennessee as the region had long been a stronghold of pro-Union sentiment.  Devising a plan to advance from his base at Cincinnati with IX and XXIII Corps, Burnside was forced to delay when the former received orders to travel southwest to aid Major General Ulysses S. Grants siege of Vicksburg.  Compelled to await IX Corps return before attacking in force, he instead dispatched cavalry under Brigadier General William P. Sanders to raid in the direction of Knoxville. Striking in mid-June, Sanders command succeeded in inflicting damage on the railroads around Knoxville and frustrating Confederate commander Major General Simon B. Buckner.  With the return of IX Corps, Burnside commenced his advance in August.  Unwilling to directly attack the Confederate defenses in the Cumberland Gap, he swung his command to the west and proceeded over mountain roads.  As Union troops moved into the region, Buckner received orders to move south to aid General Braxton Braggs Chickamauga Campaign.  Leaving a single brigade to guard the Cumberland Gap, he departed East Tennessee with remainder of his command.  As a result, Burnside succeeded in occupying Knoxville on September 3 without a fight.  A few days later, his men forced the surrender of those Confederate troops guarding the Cumberland Gap. Knoxville Campaign - The Situation Changes: As Burnside moved to consolidate his position, he sent some reinforcements south to aid Major General William Rosecrans who was pressing into northern Georgia.  In late September, Burnside won a minor victory at Blountville and began moving the bulk of his forces toward Chattanooga.  As Burnside campaigned in East Tennessee, Rosecrans was badly defeated at Chickamauga and pursued back to Chattanooga by Bragg.  Caught with his command strung out between Knoxville and Chattanooga, Burnside concentrated the bulk of his men at Sweetwater and sought instructions on how he could aid Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland which was under siege by Bragg.  During this period, his rear was threatened by Confederate forces in southwestern Virginia.  Backtracking with some of his men, Burnside defeated Brigadier General John S. Williams at Blue Spring on October 10. Ordered to hold his position unless Rosecrans called for aid, Burnside remained in East Tennessee.  Later in the month, Grant arrived with reinforcements and relieved the siege of Chattanooga.  As these events were unfolding, dissent spread through Braggs Army of Tennessee as many of his subordinates were unhappy with his leadership.  To rectify the situation, President Jefferson Davis arrived to meet with the parties involved.  While there, he suggested that Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps, which had arrived from General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia in time for Chickamauga, be sent against Burnside and Knoxville.  Longstreet protested this order as he felt he possessed insufficient men for the mission and the departure of his corps would weaken the overall Confederate position at Chattanooga.  Overruled, he received orders to move north with support provided by 5,000 cavalry under Major General Joseph Wheeler.  Ã‚   Knoxville Campaign - Pursuit to Knoxville: Alerted to Confederate intentions, Lincoln and Grant were initially concerned about Burnsides exposed position.  Calming their fears, he successfully argued for a plan that would see his men slowly withdraw towards Knoxville and prevent Longstreet from taking part in future fighting around Chattanooga.  Moving out during the first week of November, Longstreet had hoped to use rail transport as far as Sweetwater.  This proved complicated as trains ran late, insufficient fuel was available, and many locomotives lacked the power to climb the steeper grades in the mountains.  As a result, it was not until November 12 that his men were concentrated at their destination.   Crossing the Tennessee River two days later, Longstreet commenced his pursuit of the retreating Burnside.  On November 16, the two sides met at the key crossroads of Campbells Station.  Though the Confederates attempted a double envelopment, Union troops succeeded in holding their position and repulsing Longstreets attacks.  Withdrawing later in the day, Burnside reached the safety of Knoxvilles fortifications the next day.  During his absence, these had been enhanced under the eye of engineer Captain Orlando Poe.  In an effort to gain more time for enhancing the citys defenses, Sanders and his cavalry engaged the Confederates in a delaying action on November 18.  Though successful, Sanders was mortally wounded in the fighting. Knoxville Campaign - Assaulting the City: Arriving outside the city, Longstreet commenced a siege despite lacking heavy guns.  Though he planned to assault Burnsides works on November 20, he elected to delay to await reinforcements led by Brigadier General Bushrod Johnson.  The postponement frustrated his officers as they recognized that every hour that passed allowed Union forces to strengthen their fortifications.  Assessing the citys defenses, Longstreet proposed an assault against Fort Sanders for November 29.  Located northwest of Knoxville, the fort extended out from the main defensive line and was seen a weak point in the Union defenses.  Despite its placement, the fort was situated atop a hill and fronted by wire obstacles and deep ditch.   On the night of November 28/29, Longstreet assembled around 4,000 men below Fort Sanders.  It was his intention to have them surprise the defenders and storm the fort shortly before dawn.  Preceded by a brief artillery bombardment, three Confederate brigades advanced as planned.  Briefly slowed by the wire entanglements, they pressed on towards the forts walls.  Reaching the ditch, the attack broke down as the Confederates, lacking ladders, were unable to scale the forts steep walls.  Though covering fire pinned down some of the Union defenders, Confederate forces in the ditch and surrounding areas quickly sustained heavy losses.  After approximately twenty minutes, Longstreet abandoned the attack having sustained 813 casualties against only 13 for Burnside. Knoxville Campaign - Longstreet Departs: As Longstreet debated his options, word arrived that Bragg had been crushed at the Battle of Chattanooga and forced to retreat south.  With the Army of Tennessee badly wounded, he soon received orders to march south to reinforce Bragg.  Believing these orders to be  impracticable he instead proposed remaining around Knoxville for a long as possible to prevent Burnside from joining Grant for a combined offensive against Bragg.  This proved effective as Grant felt compelled to dispatch Major General William T. Sherman to reinforce Knoxville.  Made aware of this movement, Longstreet abandoned his siege and withdrew northeast to Rogersville with an eye to eventually returning to Virginia. Reinforced at Knoxville, Burnside sent his chief of staff, Major General John Parke, in pursuit of the enemy with around 12,000 men.  On December 14, Parkes cavalry, led by Brigadier General James M. Shackelford was attacked by Longstreet at the Battle of Beans Station.  Mounting a tenacious defense, they held through the day and withdrew only when enemy reinforcements arrived.  Retreating to Blains Cross Roads, Union troops quickly built field fortifications.  Assessing these the next morning, Longstreet elected not to attack and continued withdrawing northeast. Knoxville Campaign - Aftermath: With the end of the standoff at Blains Cross Roads, the Knoxville Campaign came to an end.  Moving into northeast Tennessee, Longstreets men went into winter quarters.  They remained in the region until spring when they rejoined Lee in time for the Battle of the Wilderness.  A defeat for the Confederates, the campaign saw Longstreet fail as an independent commander despite an established track record leading his corps.  Conversely, the campaign helped reestablish Burnsides reputation after the debacle at Fredericksburg.  Brought east in the spring, he led IX Corps during Grants Overland Campaign.  Burnside remained in this position until being relieved in August following the Union defeat at the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg.  Ã‚   Selected Sources Knoxville: A Near-Death ExperienceHistory of War: Battle of KnoxvilleCWSAC Battle Summaries: Fort Sanders

Critically evaluate project plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Critically evaluate project plan - Essay Example The human resources and material required for these projects should be examined and managed in a way that is efficient and responsible. However, in going about the challenges that come up from handling the projects that are complex in the organizations that are temporary and multifaceted with a mix of individuals and experts, the sector of construction needs professional architects and engineers with social, technical and managerial expertise and competencies. With focus on the management in the built environment and sector of construction, this project is going to involve the management of infrastructure and space. This paper is going to lay down a plan for the new development for the David Construction in dwelling construction. ... A proper planning of project means identification, early and constantly, the exact tasks that should be accomplished; with considerations of the resources in terms of funds, available time, facilities and personnel. This has an implication that where more than an individual is required, there is assigning of specific responsibilities to the people by their names. The individuals have to dedicate themselves to completing the tasks within the stipulated time frame. In the project, no duplication of effort is allowed. There must be recognition of the interfaces between tasks and the duty or responsibility of dealing with the assigned differences. Nonetheless, beyond the duty of the performance of their individual specific works, all the engineers on the project team should take the credit for the success of the entire project (BARTOL and MARTIN, 2003). A good engineering work that is party to a failed project is wasted. It is clear from experience that: An excellent technical activity i s usually masked and even annulled by improper administrative control. An excellent technical activity cannot actually by itself be able to manage a project, and also a project cannot manage itself. Therefore, it is the duty of the engineers to purposely manage their projects. As the project work is ongoing, there must be changes in the schedules and plans. Most engineers wrongly have the belief that it is not possible for technical work to be controlled. This in itself actually becomes self-fulfilling prediction. It is a demand and expectation of management that technical gets effective administration and control. The control of project is ensuring that the technical goals of a project are accomplished within the set time and

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Immigration - Essay Example The failure to successfully integrate the Asian culture values and norms in the American culture is ostensible through their education and the accounts of Asian American writers, who relate the hardships Asian students face in schools because of their ethnicities in an Asian American journal called â€Å"Burning Cane† (Lowe, 1996, p. 53). Lowe cites the story by Monique Thuy-Dung Truong that tells the story of a Vietnamese-American woman in a predominantly white school. She feels overwhelmed by the vast majority of white population in her school. Her feelings of isolation were further deepened by her nationalistic history teacher, Mrs. Hammerick, who constantly made her feel like â€Å"she was telling all the boys that her first name of Pearl and her last name was Harbor†. (Lowe, 1996, p. 55) Truong’s story highlights how the teacher particularly left her feeling isolated around the boys in class, as she indoctrinated them with her nationalist and bigoted ideology and forewarned them from developing any ties with her. The feelings of being ostracized were indeed painful but the narrator was able to find long-lasting friendship in outcasts like her, Kelly and Michelle. However, it was not race that had set them apart but Kelly’s weight and Michelle’s poverty. Truong’s story creates a contrast between the various ways the society has now been divided. In the midst of this social turmoil, the girls develop a unique bond that is created as a result of their empathy for one another; even though their struggles were different, but they were able to cross the boundaries of race, physical appearance and socioeconomic class. While Truong’s protagonist was reduced to a status of an enemy in the eyes of her peers, another story by Patrick Leong in the Burning cane describes the struggles of a Chinese-Mexican in America, who is torn

Common Law Essay Example for Free

Common Law Essay a)Â  In a letter dated 14/02/2011, the manager (Dave) of Excellent Foods (EF) outlined conditions in writing to the manager (Ben) of Safe Foods (SF) in relation to the purchase of EF. These conditions were that SF must pay the valued amount of EF, which totaled $120,000, $30,000 more than the original amount that SF had been prepared to pay and stipulated during earlier negotiations. At the time of the earlier negotiations, SF also had set a purchase requirement, which was that EF’s sales must increase by 20% over the next two months and if this requirement was met, SF would be prepared to pay the ,000. After earlier negotiations, EF had their business valued at $120,000 and notified SF of the valuation and that they now required this amount, not the $90,000 that SF had offered. SF did not reply to EF. Whilst EF met the sales increase target and forwarded the record of sales to SF along with the transfer of business contract as well as a new condition of the contract being that EF require 10% of the 120,000 within 14 days, SF responded in writing stating they no longer were interested in purchasing EF. It would appear that EF are no longer interested in purchasing SF due to the $30,000 price increase and the term that they would now need to pay 10% within 14 days. An important aspect in forming a legally binding contract is giving and receiving the acceptance of an offer. The requirement of acceptance with every binding legal contact is tied closely to the concept of unqualified mutual assent. Only when both parties have given their mutual consent does the law consider a binding legal contact to have been formed. Hence, if the offeree remains silent, their silence cannot constitute an acceptance.[1] Another important aspect when creating a legally binding contract is that the acceptance of the offer must exactly mirror the terms and conditions of the offeree and vice versa. If there is even a slight difference, this will most likely not constitute a valid acceptance. If an offer is made that does not mirror the terms of the original offer, than this is considered a counter-offer, which now negates the original offer. An example of this is demonstrated in the case of Hyde v Wrench (1840) where Wrench offers to sell his land to Hyde for the price of 1200 pounds of which Hyde declined to accept. Wrench responded with a counter-offer of 1000 pounds and Hyde responded with another counter-offer of 950 pounds. When Wrench declined the counter offer, Hyde decided he would accept the earlier offer of 1000 pounds, however Wrench decided he would no longer sell his land to Hyde for this amount. As Hyde had made another counter-offer after the earlier offer, the offer of 1000 pounds was now destroyed. Hyde sued Wrench for breach of contract claiming that the earlier offer was not withdrawn however the court found that Wrench did not need to withdraw the offer of 1000 pounds as it was destroyed when the counter-offer of 950 pounds was made.[2] In this case, SF made an offer to EF, being $90,000 if sales increase by 20% in two months. EF later responded with a counter-offer of $120,000, which then destroyed the earlier offer of $90,000. SF did not respond to this counter offer, therefore not accepting the new offer. EF also added terms to the offer that were not previously discussed with SF, which also did not mirror the terms of the earlier offer of which the court considers being a strict requirement for full and unequivocal assent.[3] Excellent Foods cannot commence an action for breach of contract against Safe Foods as the counter-offer negates the original offer of which Safe Foods did not respond to and therefore is not considered as an acceptance of the terms. b)Â  Promissory estoppel is an equitable action, which is designed to enforce promises made from one party to another where the promises are not supported by consideration. The doctrine of promissory estoppel can only be applied if a clear promise was made from the promisor to the promisee, if the promisse has suffered a significant loss from the promiser now going back on its promise, if the promiser acted unconscionably, and if the promisse undertook certain acts (or refrained from undertaking certain acts) due to the promiser’s initial promise. A leading case which illustrates the purpose of promisary estoppal is Waltons Stores v Maher where Waltons negotiated with Maher over the grant of a lease of property that Maher owned. Maher agreed to demolish a building in order to make way for a new custom designed building to be occupied by Waltons. Changes and agreements were made by both parties over the following months. Waltons later decided that they no longer required the building after Maher had already informed then that they were proceeding with the demolition and despite being aware of this, advised their solicitors to ‘go slow’ in informing Maher of their reservations. Due to Maher having initially received a clear promise, suffered considerable loss and completed many acts under the belief that Waltons would go ahead with the promise as well as Waltons acting unconscionably against Maher in ‘going slow’ in informing Maher of their true intentions, Maher was able to rely on promisary estoppel and therefore won on first instance and later at the appeal.[4] In this case, Excellent Foods did not suffer any considerable loss from Safe Foods not following through with the business transfer. Whilst there was an initial promise made by SF to EF, EF later requested 10% of the transfer price of $120,000 within 14 days– a term that had not previously been negotiated. It may be because of this term that SF does not wish to continue with the transfer in which case they have not acted unconscionably. EF informed SF in writing that they did not wish to continue with the transfer.

Dreams in Literature Essay examples -- Comparative, Faulkner, Hurston

The ability to dream may be uniquely human. These dreams exist with no purpose other than achievement. In many cases, a dream, not an instinct, drives human action. Certainly, dreams are central to the human life. Since one of the main purposes of literature is to reflect on that life, some dream must be included. The achievement of the dream is completely up to the author, and what his/her thoughts are on the achievement of dreams. Tennessee Williams, William Faulkner, and Zora Neale Hurston all use certain literary elements to craft their theme of the achievement of dreams, which is viewed and portrayed differently by each: grievously, by Williams; pessimistically, by Faulkner; and with a modicum of optimism by Hurston. Hardly a better adjective exists than â€Å"grievous† to describe Williams’ attitude toward dreams and their achievement in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie.† Williams does not treat dreams violently and harshly, but sadly and poignantly, using symbolism and stage lighting. Amanda’s jonquil dress, a momentum from days long past, is one important symbol. The revival of the dress, a remnant of Amanda’s courting days, shows the extent to which her dream of living through Laura pervades her life. The use of the â€Å"girlish† dress makes it seem as though Jim is visiting Amanda, rather than Laura, returning Amanda to her happiest days (Williams 53). The clearest and most important symbol is Laura’s glass unicorn. It represents her; its changes mirror hers. She only places the unicorn out in the open when Jim arrives, and, not completely intentionally, opens herself to him. As Laura shares her first dance with Jim, the unicorn falls, and its horn, the only thing distinguishing and separating it from the other horses, breaks off... ...shback, Hurston notes that one can help others with their dreams, and still accomplish one’s own, so long as the dreams of others do not become permanent priorities. People’s thoughts on dreams vary, and so dreams are shown in differing ways throughout literature. All three authors agree that the attainment of a dream is not guaranteed; it requires some work. From there, they use different techniques to refine their opinions. In their respective novels, Hurston offers some hope for the dreamer in humanity, while Faulkner scoffs and tells them what to do, and Williams urges them to give up while there’s still time to avoid heartache. Differing opinions such as these are found through a span of literature, and they offer comprehensive readers food for thought, and a chance to think about and form their own opinions, in this case, about the attainability of dreams.

Distinguish egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies in anthropology Essay

There are universally acclaimed structures of society and these can either be beneficial for the individuals or not. One of the many political doctrines that can be beneficial to the individuals of a society is Egalitarianism. Egalitarian is referred to be as a kind of society which gives equal rights and opportunities to the people. Egalitarian societies give equal treatments to their people, equal rights to resources, equal in moral status and equal rights of the laws and church and they don’t have even permanent leadership. The notion of egalitarianism came about because in biblical verses, it was written that God loved His people equally (Arneson). Another kind of political doctrine is the social stratification; it is viewed as the social hierarchy of social classes and strata within a society. Social stratification is universally acclaimed but varies accordingly to the societies that uphold it. There are three major components of social stratification according to the conflict-perspective sociologist Max Weber; the class, status and party. The status of a person in the society plays a big role in the determination of his or her role and his behavioral patterns and changes that he or she will have. There are actually four classes in a stratified society; the propertied class, the property less class, the bourgeoisie, and the working class. An individual’s role in a society is predicted by the class he or she is under. In stratified societies, those who have the capital are the ones who rule and have the greater opportunity to the resources and services and those who have nothing are have the lesser opportunity (Rodriguez). Societies have differences; some give equal rights to the people and others do not. Thus, societies continue to exist because social order is maintained.

Integrated Cirriculum Research Paper - 965 Words

Integrated Cirriculum Research Paper Integrated curriculums are constantly becoming more popular with educators each and every day. It seems that with this increased enthusiasm there should also be an increased activity of integration taking place within the classroom. This, however, does not seem to be the case. Math and Science integration has been widely talked about and supported by educators young and old, but critics state that there is little evidence to show the effectiveness of integration in the classroom. The reasons for the integration of subjects in the classroom are many and easily understood. â€Å"Mathematics and science can easily be integrated given that mathematics is often the â€Å"tool† for doing and†¦show more content†¦However, in the midst of this rush to support an integrated curriculum, many educators question the effectiveness of an integrated curriculum, and they also question the lack of research supporting integration over traditional curriculum. (Czerniak, 1999) It seems that a definition for the term integration cannot be easily agreed upon. (Huntley, 1999) In fact there are so many different terms for integration that it’s easy to see why many would question its effectiveness. The terms include interdisciplinary, thematic, nested, transdisciplinary, integrated, connected, sequenced, shared, webbed, threaded, immersed, networked, blended, unified, coordinated, fused, teamed and multidisciplinary. This can only indicate the lack of coherence regarding what is meant by science and math integration. (Judson 2000) Within these different terms you will also most likely find different meanings for different educators. Without a clear focused definition we cannot have â€Å"a basis for designing, carrying out, and interpreting the results of research.† (Czerniak, 1999) Even if we can get by this lack of definition and see math and science integration at work in the classroom we might see some of the disadvantages of integration that critics are talking about. One example is research showing how integration and thematic instruction in math and science is quite restricting because concepts included are narrowed to a specific framework.